Compound fertilizers
For fertilizing plants in allotment and home gardens, except for single-component mineral fertilizers, multi-component fertilizers are used, containing: azote, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and trace elements. There are two types of compound fertilizers: comprehensive and mixed. Complex fertilizers – ammonium phosphate and polyphoska – are obtained in the technological process, mixed fertilizers – by mechanically mixing three or more single fertilizers.
In multi-component fertilizers, on sale, there are either macronutrients or macronutrients- and micronutrients. This makes it possible to use a given fertilizer according to the nutritional requirements of plants and the abundance of digestible nutrients in the soil. Using multi-component fertilizers to fertilize plants, you need to remember about their chemical composition and the absorption of nutrients by plants. In the table 8 the characteristics of multi-component fertilizers are given, on sale – in garden stores.
These fertilizers are characterized by a high content of the pure component and that, except for Polifoski, they contain potassium in the form of sulphate. In Polifoska, potassium is contained in the chloride form, and nitrogen in ammonium form, therefore it should be used in the fall. If organic fertilizers are used in the garden, in addition, multi-component fertilizers that do not contain micronutrients can be used.
Mixtures in the form of an aqueous solution can be used both in soil (along with watering the plant during the growing season), as well as foliar. When using these fertilizers, you should always remember about their chemical composition and the absorption of nutrients by plants. Thank you, e.g. the most pronounced magnesium deficiency in the soil is: tomatoes, pears, plums, cherries, sweet cherries, malinach, strawberries, gooseberries and black currants. These mixtures should primarily be used for these plants, which contain a lot of magnesium, and in a form that is easily digestible for plants, e.g. MIS-3 lub MIS-4.
Some plants, like for example. raspberries, are very sensitive to iron deficiency, which can occur in calcium-rich soils or in plants in wetlands, impermeable. Plants grown in such conditions should be fertilized with multi-component fertilizers, containing iron.
For vegetable and ornamental plants, with lower nutritional requirements, multi-component fertilizers should be used from 0,5 do 0,8 kg in 10 m2, while for plants requiring intensive fertilization from 0,8 do 1,0 kg in 10 m2 (travels, tomato, celery, cauliflower, rhubarb, cabbage).
If the soil was fertilized with organic fertilizers for orchard plants, in an amount 600-1000 kg in 100 m2 of the garden, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, in the first and second year after planting, it does not require fertilizing with fertilizer mixtures, and only with nitrogen. However, in the third and fourth year after planting, multi-component fertilizers should be given, in an amount 300 do 450 g per fruit tree, and sprinkle or water with the aqueous solution of the mixture on the surface of the soil slightly larger than the circumference of the tree crown. In the following years, after planting, for fruiting trees, the doses are increased by about a half compared to trees, which do not bear fruit.
Lower doses should be used on rich soils, recommended in the tables, and on poor soils – highest. In the years of manure application, we reduce the dose of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers by half.
In the cultivation of berry plants, the most important thing is to fertilize the soil properly before planting. Therefore, before establishing a plantation, manure is primarily used in quantity 40-60 kg/m2.
Vegetables generally have higher requirements than fruit plants, when it comes to all nutrients. They require nitrogen and potassium in particular, while less phosphorus. In addition, vegetable plants take up almost 3 times more nitrogen, and almost 4 times more potassium than phosphorus.
Due to the similar nutritional requirements, soil and climate, and the similarity of cultivation methods, all vegetables can be divided into the following groups:
1) cruciferous vegetables: White cabbage, Red, Italian and Brussels, cauliflower, broccoli, kalarepa;
2) turnip greens: brukiew, radish, radish, turnip;
3) root vegetables: carrot, parsley, pasternak, celery, beetroot, scorzonera, leaf chicory, salsefia;
4) onion vegetables: onion, for, Garlic;
5) nightshade vegetables: tomato, peppers, eggplant;
6) cucurbits: cucumber, melon, pumpkin, cucurbit, zucchini;
7) legumes: pea, beans, broad bean;
8) leaf vegetables: lettuce, spinach, buyer, trętwian, celery, endywia, lamb's lettuce;
9) perennial vegetables: sorrel, chives, rhubarb, asparagus;
Ornamental plants need a lot of nitrogen and potassium, however, they are much less responsive to potassium than nitrogen fertilization, which affects more profuse growth and more abundant flowering. The study of the nutritional requirements of ornamental plants showed a certain relationship between plant components, which should be taken into account when dosing mineral fertilizers. I tak np. and 1 part of the phosphorus goes to 3-4 parts of nitrogen and 3-4 parts (and sometimes more) potassium. Among other things, the same proportion of minerals is taken up by tulips and hyacinths grown in the ground.
Liquid organic fertilizers used as top dressing are particularly suitable for ornamental shrubs.
In practice, different doses of mineral fertilizers are applied to ornamental plants, depending on the fertility of the soil and the fertilization needs of plants. The average doses of these fertilizers are as follows: 0,3 kg saletrzaku lub 0,5 kg of ammonium sulphate, 0,4 kg superphosphate i 0,3 kg of potassium salt 50% and 10 m2 [9], Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are spread, as well as for other plants, in the fall, and nitrogen on two dates – pre-sowing and top dressing (fifty-fifty). The date of top dressing should always fall in the period of the greatest demand for nutrients by plants, which is found in most ornamental plants, especially annuals, it falls in the first half of the growing season, i.e.. until flowering.
Fertilization of ornamental plants is adapted to the cultivation of individual species; depending on the division of plants into groups, it is recommended to use the following doses of fertilizers.
1. When growing annual ornamental plants, if they are grown without manure, gives up: 0,3 kg superphosphate i 0,3 kg of potassium salt 50% in the fall (before digging the roll) and 0,25 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate (before sowing) and 10 m2. Top dressing with nitrogen is applied just before flowering, also in the year of fertilization with organic fertilizers, giving 0,1 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per 10 m2.
2. When growing biennial ornamental plants, it is spread after 0,3-0,5 kg of superphosphate and potassium salt 50% and 10 m2. However, in the spring (before plant growth resumes) gives up 0,2 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate, and before flowering 0,15 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per 10 m2.
3. When growing bulbs, if the bulbs remain in one place for several years, spreads on the field in autumn 0,7 kg superphosphate, 0,7 kg of potassium salt 50% i 0,1-0,2 kg saletrzaku, and in early spring – 0,3-0,5 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per 10 m2.
4. When growing perennials, before planting them in the spring of the following year, apply nitrogen fertilizer twice before planting (0,3 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate) and top dressing (0,2 kg saletrzaku), mid-July at the latest. In the following years, organic fertilizers are decomposed in the fall, which protects plants from frost, and in spring it spreads over 0,3-0,5 kg of superphosphate and potassium salt 50% and 10 m2. Top dressing can be used 0,2-0.4 kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per 10 m2 or the Flora mix, which should be dissolved in water (16 g na 10 1 water).
5. On lawns, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied once per 4-5 years, giving 5-6 kg superphosphate i 4-5 kg of potassium salt 50% and 100 m2.