Champignon
Mushroom belongs to the ground mushrooms, i.e.. forming fruiting bodies (the edible part of the mushroom) on the surface of the earth. So that fruiting bodies can form, mycelium is necessary – a creature consisting of thin, white threads, the so-called. hypha, located in the ground. The fruiting body of the mushroom consists of a cap and a shaft. The color of the hat can range from white to brown, Shape – from flat to semicircular. The shaft can be thick or thin, simple or extended at the base.
The mushroom is harvested "closed"”, i.e.. when the film connecting the brim of the cap to the shaft is not yet broken. The membrane ruptures in a mature fruit, revealing dark pink lamellae, on which, under high magnification, club-shaped cells are visible - bases with two spores at the top. These spores act as seeds. If the spore lands on the appropriate substrate, it starts to germinate after some time, creating a network of delicate hyphae, which in breeding is called the mother mycelium. Mycelium producers "transplant” it for grain or fertilizer, thus obtaining commercial mycelium. The mycelium transferred to the substrate, known as the substrate, grows through it at a temperature of about 25 ° C, and then under certain conditions (temperature about 14-17 ° C) creates fruiting bodies and thus completes the mushroom development cycle.
The basic raw material for the preparation of the substrate in the production of mushrooms is straw horse manure, supplemented with enriching substances. The optimum pH of the substrate at the time of planting the mycelium should be 7,0-7,5. Substrate humidity – 66-68%. Mushrooms are produced in special rooms, the so-called. mushroom farms. It requires proper preparation. There, who are interested in the specialized production of this mushroom, will find comprehensive information in the book by Krystian Szudyga entitled. Champignon, published by Państowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne (26).
On the other hand, garden users can try cultivation in the ground. The condition for successful cultivation of mushrooms in the ground is the temperature of the substrate, i.e.. specially prepared perches or beds. It should not be lower than 18 ° C and not higher than 28-30 ° C during the three weeks of initial mycelial growth. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth is, as already noted, 23-25°C. In the next period of time, air temperature becomes an important factor, which at the stage of fruiting body formation should be 16-18 ° C. Above 22 ° C, the fruiting bodies die. The fungus endures the temperature drop to about 12 ° C. Therefore, the cultivation of mushrooms in the open air can be unreliable.
Mushroom perches on a plot or in a garden are set up in a cool place, a place sheltered from the wind. Preferably flat, a specially dug hole, about depth 20-25 cm, situated in the north-south direction. Horse manure is used as the substrate, which should be taken straight from the stables, because it cannot be older than four weeks. It is best than forage fed horses (are) and dry (oat). On 1 m2 of perch area is used up 1 a ton of horse manure. First you have to compost the fertilizer. For this purpose, it is folded into a wide pile after it is delivered 1 80 cm and work it several times - the first time after 5-7 days, and then after 3-5 days. When processing the fertilizer, you need to move the forks well and mix the fertilizer, to allow air access to the prism. After each treatment, the fertilizer must heat up to over 60 ° C. Dry particles need to be moistened with water. Po 3 We will have a composted foundation ready for weeks, from which we arrange the perches of height 20-25 cm and plant mycelium on them, purchased from a garden store.